The European Union’s energy policy is positioned at the intersection of ecological transition, strategic autonomy, and security of supply. This article explores the progressive development of the Union’s regulatory framework in the energy sector, offering an in-depth analysis of the complex interplay between internal governance structures, environmental imperatives, and evolving geopolitical dynamics. Special emphasis is placed on the tensions stemming from energy dependence on third countries, the transitional role of natural gas, the shifting relationship with the Russian Federation, and the increasing strategic relevance of partnerships with Africa, the Mediterranean region, and Central Asia. The study concludes with a critical assessment of the opportunities and constraints inherent in the European Union’s approach to a strategic sector where sovereignty, market integration, and sustainability converge.